Neratinib Approaches EU Approval for HER2+ Breast Cancer

breast cancer

The European Medicines Agency’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has recommended approval of neratinib (Nerlynx) for the extended adjuvant treatment of adult patients with early stage hormone receptor—positive, HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast cancer following postoperative trastuzumab (Herceptin).

The European Commission will now review the CHMP recommendation and make a final decision on whether to approve neratinib for use in the European Union.

In the United States, the FDA approved neratinib in July 2017 for the extended adjuvant treatment of patients with early stage, HER2-positive breast cancer following adjuvant trastuzumab. The agency reviewed data from the phase III ExteNET trial and the phase II CONTROL trial. In the available data at the time of the review, the primary analysis of the ExteNET trial showed that the invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) rate at 2 years was 94.2% with neratinib versus 91.9% with placebo (stratified hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.90; stratified log-rank P-value [two-sided] =.008).

The results indicated that the benefit may vary based on hormone receptor status. An exploratory subgroup analysis indicated that neratinib lowered the risk of recurrence by 51% (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31-0.75) in hormone receptor—positive patients, compared with 7% in hormone receptor–negative patients (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.60-1.43).

Diarrhea was the primary safety concern associated with neratinib, as 95% of patients in the ExteNET trial who received the tyrosine kinase inhibitor experienced the adverse event (AE), including grade 3 diarrhea in 40% of patients. Diarrhea led to study discontinuation for 16.8% of patients. However, results from the ongoing phase II CONTROL trial suggest that antidiarrheal prophylaxis can control the occurrence and severity of diarrhea among patients receiving neratinib.

In the ExteNET study, 2840 patients who remained disease-free following 1 year of treatment with adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy were randomized to neratinib (n = 1420) or placebo (n = 1420). Neratinib was administered for 12 months at 240 mg per day. In the final study amendment, the primary endpoint was iDFS at 2 years and 28 days from randomization.

The median age of patients in the study was 52 years and approximately 24% had node negative disease, with 47% of patients having 1 to 3 positive nodes and 30% having ≥4 positive nodes. Anthracyclines were administered as adjuvant chemotherapy in the majority (77%) of patients. Appropriate endocrine therapy was administered to 94% of patients with hormone receptor—breast cancer.

Beyond the primary analysis data, additional follow-up data from 2 to 5 years post randomization were submitted from an exploratory iDFS analyses that occurred after the implementation of a reconsent process.

Overall, 2117 (74.5%) of the 2840 primary analysis patients reconsented, including 1028 patients in the neratinib cohort and 1089 patients on the placebo arm. Baseline characteristics were similar between the reconsented and primary analysis populations, as well as between the 2 cohorts in the reconsent analysis.

In the updated analysis, the 2-year iDFS was 94.3% in the neratinib arm versus 91.7% in the placebo group. The 5-year iDFS rates were 90.2% and 87.7%, respectively. The stratified hazard ratio was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.92; stratified log-rank P-value [two-sided] =.008).

The safety analysis for the primary ExteNET data review was based on 1408 patients from the neratinib arm and 1408 patients from the placebo arm. The median duration of exposure to neratinib and placebo was 11.6 months and 11.8 months, respectively.

In the neratinib arm, grade 3/4 AEs occurred in 50% of patients and led to treatment discontinuation in 28% of patients. The most common AEs leading to neratinib discontinuation were diarrhea (16.8%), vomiting (3.8%), and nausea (2.8%). In the neratinib arm, 7.3% of patients experienced non-fatal serious AEs, the most frequent being diarrhea in 22 patients versus 1 patient in the placebo arm.

Although patients in the ExteNET study were not required to receive antidiarrheal prophylaxis, the ongoing, open-label phase II CONTROL trial examined the preventative measure in HER2-positive patients who received neratinib for 1 year along with antidiarrheal prophylaxis given during the first two 28-day treatment cycles.

At the January 13, 2017, data cutoff, 137 patients had received prophylaxis with loperamide alone, 64 patients had received loperamide plus budesonide, and 10 patients had received loperamide plus colestipol. The median duration of neratinib treatment for the 3 cohorts was 9.07 months, 2.83 months, and 0.56 months, respectively.

Comparing the loperamide-alone CONTROL cohort to the safety data cohort from the ExteNET trial (n = 1408), the incidence of all-grade diarrhea was 77% versus 95%, respectively. The rates of grade 3 diarrhea were 31% versus 40%, respectively.

The rate of dose reductions (7.3% vs 26.4%) and holds (13.9% vs 33.9%) due to diarrhea were lower in the patients who received loperamide. However, the rate of discontinuation due to diarrhea was higher in the loperamide cohort at 20.4% versus 16.8% with neratinib alone.