Video
Role of MRD in Treatment Decision Making in AML
Author(s):
Two experts discuss the clinical implications of minimal residual disease (MRD) and how it has affected treatment for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Richard Stone, MD: One thing we could look at is measurable residual disease [MRD] or minimal residual disease. I have 2 questions about it. The first is: Why do you think the results of patients who got transplanted and received CPX-351 before the transplant were better than those who got transplanted but received 7+3 before the transplant in Dr Lancet’s study [NCT01696084] comparing the two?
Eunice Wang, MD: Even in the 5-year follow-up study, the presumption is that because of the different pharmacokinetics of the drug, as you very aptly pointed out, the CPX-351 penetrates into the bone marrow and is retained in the bone marrow for much longer than standard 7+3. In standard 7+3, the half-life of cytarabine in vivo in patients is 7 to 20 minutes, which is why we have to give it via continuous infusion. With CPX-351, the half-life of the cytarabine is much longer and much more durable.
The implication is that the CPX-351 achieved a much deeper response, or potentially a higher incidence of MRD negativity, than 7+3 did, and therefore that would account for the difference in the post-transplant post hoc analysis. There are no data to support that, but there are data in many other settings supporting that MRD negativity following standard 7+3 chemotherapy at any point is very predictive of outcome.
Interestingly, in these retrospective analyses, one of the reasons that venetoclax-azacitidine and CPX-351 resulted in similar CR [complete response] rates and relapse-free survival rates is because the MRD negativity rate, at least in Dr Justin Grenet’s [, MD, Weill Cornell Medical College,] study, was 60% in CPX-351–treated patients and 60% in the venetoclax-azacitidine–treated patients. The identical outcomes could have purely been due to the similarities in MRD achievement. MRD is an important marker in terms of being able to go on to a successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation and remain in remission and probably durability of response for patients who can’t go to transplant.
Richard Stone, MD: I absolutely agree with you. The fact that the MRD rates were high and equivalent certainly supports azacitidine-venetoclax being a major player in this field going forward. If it’s a little less toxic, absolutely, although CPX-351 isn’t too bad in terms of toxicity. There isn’t much hair loss, and GI [gastrointestinal] toxicity isn’t usually bad. It’s more myelosuppressive for the reasons you just talked about. Let’s go back one slide to see what happened to this patient.
Eunice Wang, MD: This patient was administered induction chemotherapy with CPX-351. This was complicated with fibral neutropenia, which was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. I’d like to point out that CPX-351 results in very similar toxicities to standard 7+3, with the exception being more prolonged cytopenias, and particularly thrombocytopenia in patients receiving CPX-351. The patient achieved a morphological CR. They didn’t comment on MRD status. That’s just something that we’re doing as standard of care. She got a couple of cycles of consolidation with CPX-351 while awaiting a matched unrelated stem cell transplantation. She underwent transplant and remains in CR at the time of this case presentation.
Transcript edited for clarity.
